Knowledge of the seasonal variability of river discharge and the concentration of nutrients in the estuary waters of large rivers flowing into the tropical Atlantic contributes to a better understanding of the biogeochemical processes that occur in adjacent coastal and ocean systems. The monthly averaged variations of the physical and biogeochemical contributions of the Orinoco, Amazon, São Francisco, Paraíba do Sul (South America), Volta, Niger and Congo (Africa) Rivers are estimated from models or observations. The results indicate that these rivers deliver approximately 0.1 Pg C year−1 in its dissolved organic (DOC 0.046 Pg C year−1) and inorganic (DIC 0.053 Pg C year−1) forms combined. These values represent 27.3% of the global DOC and 13.2% of the global DIC delivered by rivers into the world’s oceans. Estimations of the air-sea CO2 fluxes indicate a slightly higher atmospheric liberation for the African systems compared with the South American estuaries (+10.6 ± 7 mmol m−2 day−1 and +5.4 ± 8 mmol m−2 day−1, respectively). During the high river discharge periods, the fluxes remained positive in all of the analyzed systems (average +12 ± 8 mmol m−2 day−1), except at the mouth of the Orinoco River, which continued to act as a sink for CO2. During the periods of low river discharges, the mean CO2 efflux decreased to +5.2 ± 9 mmol m−2 day−1. The updated and detailed review presented here contributes to the accurate quantification of CO2 input into the atmosphere and to ongoing studies on the oceanic modeling of biogeochemical cycles in the tropical Atlantic.

To provide long-term simulations of climate change at higher resolution, Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are nested in global climate models (GCMs). The objective of this work is to evaluate the Eta RCM simulations driven by three global models, the HadGEM2-ES, BESM, and MIROC5, for the present period, 1961-1990. The RCM domain covers South America, Central America, and Caribbean. These simulations will be used for assessment of climate change projections in the region. Maximum temperatures are generally underestimated in the domain, in particular by MIROC5 driven simulations, in summer and winter seasons. Larger spread among the simulations was found in the minimum temperatures, which showed mixed signs of errors. The spatial correlations of temperature simulations against the CRU observations show better agreement for the MIROC5 driven simulations. The nested simulations underestimate precipitation in large areas over the continent in austral summer, whereas in winter overestimate occurs in southern Amazonia, and underestimate in southern Brazil and eastern coast of Northeast Brazil. The annual cycle of the near-surface temperature is underestimated in all model simulations, in all regions in Brazil, and in most of the year. The temperature and precipitation frequency distributions reveal that the RCM and GCM simulations contain more extreme values than the CRU observations. Evaluations of the climatic extreme indicators show that in general hot days, warm nights, and heat waves are increasing in the period, in agreement with observations. The Eta simulations driven by HadGEM2-ES show wet trends in the period, whereas the Eta driven by BESM and by MIROC5 show trends for drier conditions.

A Climate Change Index (CCI) was designed to assess the degree of susceptibility to the climatic extremes projected for the future. Climate projections for the period 2041-2070 are extracted from the numerical integrations of INPE’s Eta-HadCM3 model, using the SRES A1B emissions scenario. Five indicators were chosen to represent the climatic extremes: Total annual precipitation, precipitation on the days of heavy rain, the maximum number of consecutive dry days in the year and the annual mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures. The methodology was applied to the state of Paraná. The results point to a very strong warming in 99% of the municipalities, with temperature increases between 6 and 8 times greater than the variance observed in the present climate. On the other hand, projections of precipitation do not indicate major changes in relation to present behavior.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of climate change on irrigation adoption in Brazil. Temperature and precipitation projections for the 2010-2099 periods were employed under a number of different climate scenarios according the 4th Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results show that irrigation adoption will be affected by climate change. Given current conditions, irrigation has generally been adopted in Brazil to cope with reduced precipitation and temperature variations. The estimated irrigation probabilities in the future scenarios were quite different across Brazilian regions. The main explanation for this pattern is the distinct climatic conditions and production structures. Considering future climate change, over the next 30 years (2010 to 2039), the irrigation probability is expected to increase in all Brazilian regions. However, this trend is reversed in the long run.

This paper analyzes the potential effects of climate change on Brazilian agriculture by considering irrigation as an adaptive strategy. Investigations were performed to determine how climatic variability influences irrigation and whether this adaptive measure actually reduces producers’ vulnerability to climate change. We used a simultaneous equations model with endogenous switching to account for the heterogeneity in the decision of whether to use adaptive measures. We compared the expected land values under the actual and counterfactual cases of farm households that either adapt or do not adapt to climate change. Simulation results show that irrigation can be an effective tool for counteracting the harmful effects of climate change. The income of farmers tends to increase on lands where irrigation technologies are practiced. These conclusions confirm the need to invest in adaptation strategies to prepare Brazil for coping with the adverse effects of global climate change.

A key challenge for climate projection science is to serve the growing needs of impact assessments in an environment with substantial differences in the projections of climate models and an increasing number of relevant climate model results. In order to assist the assessment of water resources impacts under future climate change, this work provides a synthesis of the simulations of General Circulation Models (GCMs) for the region of Distrito Federal, Brazil. The work analyzes projections of mean surface air temperature and precipitation of 22 GCMs, as well as seven extreme indices of 10 GCMs. Trends of the multi-model ensemble median, as well as their significance, were calculated. The consistency in the sign of change was assessed through the percentage of agreement of simulations with the median. Finally, the probability density function of the multi-model ensemble provides valuable information about the uncertainties of projections. Investigations were performed for annual and seasonal temporal scales for the period 2011–2050. The main results here identified are: (a) a consensus of the multi-model ensemble and median to increasing temperature; (b) a slightly, but less consistent, decrease of precipitation in the dry season; and (c) increase of heat waves and droughts events, although changes in precipitation extremes are much less coherent than for temperature. The approach used gives a comprehensive assessment of the possible future climate until the middle of the twenty-first century, as well as the uncertainties involved in the multi-model ensemble projections.

En este artículo se revisan los patrones de percepción y preocupación ambiental en distintas regiones metropolitanas del Brasil y la forma en que estos se ven influenciado por el nivel socioeconómico y las condiciones ambientales objetivas. En virtud de los resultados previos de Nawrotzki, Guedes y Carmo (2014), nos preguntamos si en la relación entre el nivel socioeconómico, las condiciones ambientales objetivas y la preocupación intervienen diferencias de percepción respecto de las cuestiones ambientales y los actores involucrados. Creemos que la preocupación puede ser un concepto muy abstracto como para utilizarse libremente como sinónimo de actitud ambiental. Además, los elementos que preceden a la toma de decisiones, como la conciencia y percepción ambiental, que son componentes clave de la preocupación ambiental, no fueron tenidos en cuenta en el análisis de Nawrotzki, Guedes y Carmo. En esta ocasión, utilizamos un nuevo conjunto de datos, recolectados en 2007, obtenidos a partir de una muestra representativa de habitantes de las regiones metropolitanas de Campinas y la Baixada Santista, en el Complejo Metropolitano Extendido de São Paulo. Estos son los mismos datos utilizados en Nawrotzki, Guedes y Carmo (2014). Mediante la expansión de la idea de evaluación del perfil ambiental con la incorporación de la conciencia ambiental y la percepción de los problemas ambientales, junto con la preocupación ambiental, utilizamos modelos de clases latentes con efecto aleatorio, asumiendo que esas tres dimensiones ambientales están relacionadas y deben modelarse juntas como una estructura latente dependiente. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de nuestros modelos indican que los problemas ambientales objetivos exacerban la percepción de los problemas ambientales, aunque la preocupación por el medio ambiente claramente depende de la riqueza, con lo que ciertos grupos pobres enfrentan limitaciones a la hora de traducir su percepción de las cuestiones ambientales apremiantes en una actitud proambiental.

The objective of this study was to investigate the application of the 15N natural abundance technique to quantify BNF inputs to different varieties of field-grown sugarcane. The experiment was planted on a low-fertility sandy soil and no N fertilizer was added. Cane yields of seven Brazilian commercial varieties at the first harvest after 18 months were similar to the mean national yields. Nitrogen accumulation of most varieties exceeded 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1 even after two ratoons. The 15N abundance values of reference weed plants at the first harvest were significantly higher than leaf sample of the cane indicating inputs of BNF between 80 and 170 kg N ha−1 during the plant crop (18 months). The hypothesis that the lower 15N abundance of the cane varieties was due to the deeper rooting habit of the cane enabling it to access mineral N of significantly lower 15N abundance than present in the rooting zone of weed reference species was discarded, as weed reference species grown in soil samples taken at seven depth intervals to 75 cm showed higher 15N abundance than samples taken from the surface 10 cm. Weeds taken from the plots of the ratoon crops did not differ significantly in 15N abundance from the sugarcane varieties which suggested insignificant contributions of BNF at this time.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of climate change on irrigation adoption in Brazil. Temperature and precipitation projections for the 2010-2099 periods were employed under a number of different climate scenarios according the 4th Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results show that irrigation adoption will be affected by climate change. Given current conditions, irrigation has generally been adopted in Brazil to cope with reduced precipitation and temperature variations. The estimated irrigation probabilities in the future scenarios were quite different across Brazilian regions. The main explanation for this pattern is the distinct climatic conditions and production structures. Considering future climate change, over the next 30 years (2010 to 2039), the irrigation probability is expected to increase in all Brazilian regions. However, this trend is reversed in the long run.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial dos componentes da evapotranspiração de referência modificada (ETr) no Brasil e, posteriormente, a variabilidade temporal por meio da técnica da análise harmônica. Para isso, foi feita inicialmente uma análise de variância, fase e amplitude para o tempo presente (1980-2000) e, em seguida, feita uma projeção com o tempo futuro (2080-2100), com base no cenário A2 do Painel Intergovernamental para as Mudanças Climáticas. A equação utilizada foi a de Penman-Monteith, padronizada pela Food and Agriculture and Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 1998. As simulações foram conduzidas com o modelo regional de clima (MM5), acoplado a um modelo de vegetação potencial (MVP). Os termos aerodinâmico e radiativo apresentaram um ciclo anual que é dominante na região amazônica e Sul do Brasil, enquanto na região Sudeste o ciclo semestral tem maior destaque. As maiores variações na amplitude da ETr foram identificadas no semiárido nordestino e no extremo sul do Brasil. As mudanças na ETr, devido ao aquecimento global, foram máximas na região central do Brasil e Amazônica. Ainda foi observado que, sob condições de aquecimento global, as variações do termo aerodinâmico tornam-se mais importantes do que as variações do termo radiativo para a ETr total.